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Academy of Management Education

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BN 000919 (MD)
Management Research Spectrum

Management Research Spectrum (MRS)

ISSN: 2659-1871 (Print) | ISSN: 2659-1960 (Online)

Issues Archive

2026

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Green Human Resource Management and Task Performance among Polytechnic Lecturers: The Mediating Role of Stress Self-Management
Rakiya Mohammed Gombe, Abba Kyari Buba
Objective: Contemporary higher education environments are increasingly defined by performance-driven logic and accountability pressures. This study investigates the strategic relat…
Keywords: Green Human Resource Management, Task Performance, Stress Self-Management, Conservation of Resources Theory, Polytechnic Lecturers.
1-12 PDF

2025

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Exploring the Influence of Public Awareness and Digital Literacy on E-Government Adoption in Nigeria: A TAM and UTAUT Perspective
Aishatu Musa Yusuf
Purpose: This study investigates the influence of public awareness and digital literacy on the adoption of Remita, a digital payment platform mandated for transactions with Federal…
Keywords: Digital literacy, Public awareness, Remita adoption, E-government, Technology acceptance, Nigeria.
1-8 PDF
A Dual-Process Model of Green IT Adoption Intention: Integrating Rational Choice and Moral Obligation in an Emerging Economy
Abba Kyari Buba, Aliyu Isah Chikaji, Othman Bin Ibrahim
This study develops and validates a behavioural model to understand the drivers of Green Information Technology adoption intention among decision-makers in the Nigerian manufacturi…
Keywords: Green IT, Dual-Process Theory, PLS-SEM, Sustainability, Emerging Economy.
9-17 PDF
Financial Incentives and Perceived Performance: A Comparison of Direct Compensation and Task-Related Benefits among Civil Servants in Yobe State
Wakil Gana Kafiya
This study investigated the relationship between financial incentives and perceived performance among civil servants in Yobe State, Nigeria, comparing the effects of direct compens…
Keywords: Financial Incentives, Perceived Performance, Direct Compensation, Task-Related Benefits, Civil Servants.
18-23 PDF
A Conditional Process Model of Polytechnic Enrolment Intentions in Northeast Nigeria: Roles of Socio-Economic Barriers, Value Perception, Employability Expectations, and Attitude to Polytechnic Education
Mohammed Sule Waziri
This conceptual paper develops a conditional process model to explain enrollment intentions in Northeast Nigerian polytechnics, where socio-economic barriers and declining confiden…
Keywords: Enrollment Intentions, Perceived Value, Employability Expectations, Socio-Economic Constraints, Attitude to Polytechnic Education, Conditional Process Model.
24-30 PDF
Procurement Frameworks and Fraud Prevention in Sub-National Nigeria: A Qualitative Study of Yobe State MDAs
Garba Maina, Yau Abdullahi
This study examines how public procurement frameworks operate in practice and their effectiveness in preventing procurement fraud within sub-national government institutions in Nig…
Keywords: Public Procurement; Fraud Prevention; Sub-National Government; Institutional Implementation; Nigeria.
31-40 PDF

2024

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Beyond Presence: Toward a Theoretical Framework for Sustainable Productivity in Distributed Work Environments
Aisha Abubakar Abdullahi
The global shift to remote and hybrid work represents a paradigm change that has rendered traditional, presence-based management theories obsolete, creating a significant theoretic…
Keywords: Theoretical Framework, Distributed Work, Management Theory, Organizational Culture, Leadership.
1-7 PDF
From Policy to Practice: Investigating the Realities of Management by Objectives in a Nigerian Commercial Bank
Babagana Kachalla
This study investigates the implementation realities of Management by Objectives (MBO) within a branch of a major Nigerian commercial bank, focusing on employee perceptions of its …
Keywords: Management by Objectives, Performance Management, Goal-Setting Theory, Employee Participation, Banking Sector, Nigeria.
8-12 PDF
Effect of Employee Commitment on Organisational Performance: Evidence from MTN Service Office in Damaturu, Nigeria
Zainab Salihu Muhammad
This study investigates the influence of affective, continuance, normative, and behavioural commitment on organisational performance at MTN Nigeria’s Damaturu Head Office. Drawing …
Keywords: Employee commitment, Organisational performance, Affective commitment, Continuance commitment, Normative commitment, Behavioural commitment, MTN Nigeria.
13-17 PDF
The Effects of Job Rotation on Employee Performance: A Test of the Job Characteristics Model in a Commercial Bank
Abubakar Yusuf Maitama, Aisha Yusuf Bukar, Fatima Yusuf
In the Nigerian banking sector, optimizing employee performance is a key strategic imperative. This study investigates the mechanisms through which job rotation influences employee…
Keywords: Job Rotation, Employee Performance, Job Characteristics Model, Skill Variety, Job Satisfaction, Nigerian Banking Sector, Human Resource Management.
18-21 PDF
The Influence of Customer Relationship Management Practices on Perceived Customer Retention in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Case Study of the Food and Beverage Sector in Damaturu, Nigeria
Dauda Isa Tong, Sadiq Yerima, Usman Shuaibu
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are critical drivers of economic resilience, particularly in developing regions facing instability. This study examines the influence of specifi…
Keywords: Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Customer Retention, SMEs, Business Resilience, Communication, Customer Feedback, Nigeria.
22-24 PDF
Impact of Inadequate ICT Resources on Entrepreneurship Skill Acquisition in Nigerian Polytechnics
Aishatu Musa Yusuf, Saleh Umar
This study examined the impact of inadequate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources on entrepreneurship skill acquisition among students in six Federal Polytechni…
Keywords: ICT Resources, Entrepreneurship Skill Acquisition, Polytechnics, North-East Nigeria, Computer Availability, Networking, ICT Funding.
25-30 PDF

2023

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Leveraging Digital Transformation for Enhancing Office Technology and Management Education in Nigerian Polytechnics
Awwal Ayuba Darki
This paper explores the imperative of leveraging digital transformation to enhance Office Technology and Management (OTM) education in Nigerian polytechnics. In a rapidly changing …
Keywords: Digital Transformation, Digital Infrastructure, Office Technology and Management, Nigerian Polytechnics, Workforce Competency.
1-6 PDF
Enhancing Safety in the Construction Industry: A Review of Design for Safety Concept
Jibrin Hassan Suleiman, Umar Zaidu Mikailu, Muhammad Ahmad
The construction industry is well-known for its high-risk environment, where accidents and injuries have long been a pressing concern. The design aspect of projects is identified a…
Keywords: Construction Sites, Accidents, Design for Safety, Design Implementation, Review.
7-12 PDF
Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 and its Implications for Small Business Enterprises in Nigeria
Saidu Mohammed Also
The Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 (CAMA 2020) in Nigeria introduces important reforms with the potential to impact Small Business Enterprises (SBEs) significantly. This pap…
Keywords: Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020, Small Business Enterprises, Business Regulation, Legal Reforms, Compliance Challenges, Nigeria.
13-17 PDF
Artificial Intelligence Chatbots and the Future of Emotion Research
Bala Salisu
The paper explores the transformative impact of AI chatbots on emotion research, offering a preview into the advantages, challenges, and ethical considerations surrounding their in…
Keywords: AI Chatbots, Emotion Research, Ethical Considerations, Virtual Reality Integration, Human-Chatbot Interaction.
18-27 PDF

2022

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Editorial: In Memoriam – Professor Ayuba A. Aminu
Bala Salisu
1 PDF
Knowledge Management and Cottage Law Firms in the Digital Era
Saidu Mohammed Also
In the digital age, knowledge management has emerged as a critical practice for organizations across various industries. This paper explores the intersection of knowledge managemen…
Keywords: Cottage Law Firms, Knowledge management, Digital Era, Niche Specialization, Knowledge Sharing.
2-9 PDF
An Information Security Framework for Higher Education Institutions based on Theories of Protection Motivation and Planned Behaviour
Bala Salisu
This study presents a conceptual framework for examining behavioural intention as a mediator (and employee concern for securing information assets as moderator) between employees’ …
Keywords: Information Security, H, Protection Motivation Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Nigeria.
10-18 PDF
A Pilot Study on Teachers’ Usage and Satisfaction with Library Services at an Academic Library
Mohammed Musa
This pilot study examines teachers’ use and satisfaction with library resources and services at the Chief Olusegun Obasanjo Library located in the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu. Spe…
Keywords: Library Use, Teachers, Library Services, User Satisfaction, Higher Education, Nigeria.
19-23 PDF

2021

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Crisis of Democratic Systems as a Challenge to Resolving the Boko Haram Insurgency in Northeast Nigeria
Abideen Muhammed Abeeb
This paper analyses the challenges faced in addressing the persistent Boko Haram insurgency in Northeast Nigeria, with a primary focus on how democratic systems have contributed to…
Keywords: Democratic Systems, Boko Haram, Insurgency, Conflict Resolution, Northeast Nigeria.
1-5 PDF
Advancing Nigerian Federalism for Nation-Building: Exploring the Significance of National Cohesion
Bala Salisu
National integration is a constitutional aspiration in Nigeria, and various structures, including federalism, have been developed and deployed to give concrete expressions to this …
Keywords: Federalism, Nation-Building, National Cohesion, Integration, Ethnic Nationalities, Nigeria.
6-12 PDF
Revitalising Peace: A Community-Based Approach to Countering Boko Haram’s Extremism in Northeast Nigeria
Saidu Mohammed Also
Acts of violent extremism carried out by Boko Haram insurgents persistently disrupt the peace and impede the development of the Northeastern states of Nigeria, particularly Adamawa…
Keywords: Boko Haram, Extremism, Countering Violent Extremism, Northeast Nigeria, Community-Based Approach.
13-28 PDF

2020

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Effects of CRM Components on Firm’s Competitive Advantage: A Case on Bangladesh Banking Industry
Rashed Al Karim, Wardha Habiba
The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of customer relationship management (CRM) components (customer knowledge, customer orientation, and technology capability) on t…
Keywords: CRM, Customer Knowledge, Customer Orientation, Technology Capability, Competitive Advantage
1-7 PDF
Relationship Between Firms’ Financial Performance and Corporate Tax: Evidence from Listed Agro-Based Companies in Nigeria
Abubakar Yerima Chabbal, Aisha Ibrahim Umar
This study evaluated the effects of corporate tax on the financial performance of listed agro-based companies in Nigeria. Secondary data, gathered from the published annual report …
Keywords: Tax, Financial Performance, Sales, Profitability, Agro-based
8-11 PDF
A Note on the Relationship Between Service Quality Dimensions and Customer Satisfaction in the Banking Sector
Butali Usman
Businesses across industries are striving hard to ensure customer satisfaction. The banking sector is not an exception. One of the critical elements for generating customer satisfa…
Keywords: Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, SERVQUAL Model, Banking Sector.
12-15 PDF

2019

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
Insider Ownership and Dividend Policy of Listed Non-Financial Firms in Nigeria
Armaya’u Alhaji Sani, Ali Abdulhamid Badejo, Mohammed Lawal Hamza
In this study, we examine the relationship between insider ownership and dividend payout policy of listed companies in Nigeria. Based on the sample of 400 firm-year observation of …
Keywords: Managerial ownership, Dividend payout, CEO ownership, Return on assets.
1-5 PDF
Firm-Level Determinants and Dividend Policy of Nigerian Non-Financial Listed Firms
Alhaji Ali Tijjani, Mohd Norfian Alifiah
This study aims to examine the relationship between firm-level determinants and dividend policy of firms in the Nigerian non-financial sectors. The unresolved nature of the theoret…
Keywords: Dividend, Dividend per share, Firm level determinants, Shareholders, Nigeria
6-12 PDF
The Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Corporate Governance: Evidence from the Malaysian Public Listed Companies
Dewi Fariha Abdullah, Aniza Othman, Suresh Ramakrishnan, Siti Zaleha Omain, Nor Zafir Md Salleh, Fazle Azmin Zainal Abidin
Intellectual capital is known as valuable organizational assets that move the performance and activities of a business. Intellectual capital includes four core component which are …
Keywords: Intellectual capital, Human capital, Corporate governance, Organizational values.
13-17 PDF
Efficiency, Competition and Financial Resilience of Malaysian Insurance Industry
Huda Ahmed Yussuf, Fadzlan Sufian
This paper is aimed to study the financial resilience of Malaysian insurance companies and Takaful operators hence determine how it is determined by the efficiency of the firms. Th…
Keywords: Z-score, Efficiency, Insurance, DEA, Charter Value Hypothesis.
18-27 PDF
Internal Audit Reporting in Tax Administration: What Matters in the Report Content
Zakariya’u Gurama, Sirajo Murtala, Garba Haruna Wase
An internal audit report is an audit finding prepared by auditors and submitted to the top management in an organization for decision making. The report aimed to assist the top man…
Keywords: Internal audit, auditors report, tax administration, Nigeria
28-34 PDF
An Assessment of the Impact of Microcredit Programs on Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
Waziri Musa
This study assessed the impact of Microcredit programs on poverty alleviation in Niger state. The paper adopts a quantitative method using PLS-SEM 3.1.6 path modelling to establish…
Keywords: Poverty Alleviation, Government, Intervention, Programs, Microcredit.
35-38 PDF
A Review on the Impact of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Performance
Don Jerome Pryantha Jayamana, Dewi Fariha Abdullah, Maisarah Mohamed Saat
Corporate governance (CG) has always been in the centre of discussion, since the 1997 Asian economic crisis and the exposed financial scandals of Enron in 2002. In Malaysia, reform…
Keywords: Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility, Minimizing Agency Conflict, Firm Performance.
39-41 PDF
Entrepreneurial Competence as Mediator Between Entrepreneurial Proactiveness, Innovativeness and Risk-taking, and Performance of SMEs
Buba Musa Pulka, Yagana Babakura Imam, Yakaka Gamama
The study examined the mediating effects of entrepreneurial competencies on the relationship between entrepreneurial proactiveness, entrepreneurial innovativeness, entrepreneurial …
Keywords: Competencies, Proactiveness, Innovativeness, Risk-taking, SMEs performance.
42-49 PDF
Franchise Business Development: An Advantage to Muslim Youth Entrepreneurs
Mohd Huefiros Efizi bin Husain, Noor Naemah binti Abdul Rahman, Nor Fahimah binti Mohd Razif
Franchising is a form of organized business and available with complete package. It is developed based on the demand from the franchisees to the franchisors as well as the response…
Keywords: Franchise, Business, Muslim youth.
50-53 PDF
The Mediating Role of Competitive Advantage in the Relationship between Innovation Capability and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria
Yakubu Salisu, Abba Kura Goni
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies are striving to survive the challenges of globalization and liberalization of trade to achieve their micro and macroecon…
Keywords: Innovation Capability, Competitive Advantage, SMEs Performance.
54-59 PDF
Visionary Leadership and Individual Academic Staff Performance: The Mediating Influence of Knowledge Sharing
Usman Madugu, Halimah Abdul Manaf
This study is aimed at examining how visionary leadership directly as well as indirectly influences individual performance of academic staff in the Nigerian public universities via…
Keywords: Visionary Leadership, Individual Performance, Knowledge Sharing, Nigeria Public Universities.
60-66 PDF
The Effects of Safety Leadership on Safety Performance in Malaysia
Chua Jing Lun
In the new global economy, workplace safety has assumed central importance among companies across the world: this has been evident in Malaysia, especially the manufacturing sector.…
Keywords: Safety leadership; Workplace accidents, Malaysia’s Manufacturing Sector.
67-71 PDF
Revisiting Stimuli Development Process in Advertising Research
Muhamad Syakir Bin Shukor, Zuraidah Sulaiman, Thoo Ai Chin, Adaviah Mas’od
Nowadays, consumers are more environmentally sensitive when it comes to purchasing high investment products such as real estates and automotive products. Realizing this fact, some …
Keywords: Advertisement Stimuli, Green Marketing, Sustainable Claim.
72-81 PDF
e-Consumer Rights in Online Shopping of Goods: A Malaysian Legal Perspectives
Roshazlizawati Mohd Nor, Nor Zafir Md Salleh, Siti Zaleha Omain, Ruzita Selamat
Internet explosion has created a borderless virtual market and enabled the world’s biggest shopping mall to be brought to our very own house. As a result, shopping online has a bec…
Keywords: Online shopping, e-consumer, e-consumer rights, Malaysia.
82-84 PDF
Companies and Allied Matters Act (Repeal and Re-enactment) Bill 2019: Its Role in the Development of MSMEs in Nigeria
Sa’idu Mohammed Also
Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have been adjudged as the largest employers of labour, seedbeds of large companies, and indispensable mechanisms for economic growth and…
Keywords: Companies and Allied Matters Act, Company Law, MSMEs, CAMA Bill, Nigeria.
85-87 PDF
The Effects of Safety Training Practice in Influencing Safety Performance
Chua Jing Lun
Recently, the issues surrounding workplace safety have attracted attention all over the world. In responding to this issue, numerous studies have been done, yet workplace accidents…
Keywords: Safety training practice; Safety performance; Manufacturing companies.
88-92 PDF

Title & Authors Pages DOI PDF
IR4.0: The Challenges for Graduate Employability in Nigeria
Sunday Rufus Olojuolawe, Fadila Bt Mohd Amin, Moradeke Grace Adewumi
This paper considers the emergence of IR4.0 and the effects on graduates from developing countries where education and technology are at a lower ebb. Using Nigeria as a yardstick t…
Keywords: IR4.0, Challenges, Graduates, Employability, Developing, Nations.
1-5 PDF
Employment Opportunity of People with Disabilities: A Conceptual Framework
Nurhafifah Hanim Zakaria, Mohammad Saipol Mohd Sukor
Traditionally, people with disabilities are people with physical disabilities or impairment. As society defines people with disabilities according to their judgment, they tend to b…
Keywords: Employment opportunity, Employability, People with disabilities, Stereotype model.
6-9 PDF
The Challenges and Benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation: A Case in Malaysian Manufacturing Firm
Sariati Azman, Norhalimah Idris, George Chang Foh Chun
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is a very costly, complex, and advanced information system. Implementing this system in companies from less-developed countries is arguabl…
Keywords: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System, ERP Challenges, ERP Benefits, Manufacturing Firm, Malaysia.
10-14 PDF
Green Buyer-Supplier Relationship and their Role in Supporting Cocoa Supply Chain Sustainability in Ghana
Dennis Amoako Kwatia, Norhayati Binti Zakuan, Eugene Okyere-Kwakye
Several studies in sustainability have been conducted in sectors such as manufacturing, service and clothing. However, little work has been done in agriculture specifically in the …
Keywords: Green buyer-supplier relationships; cocoa; supply chain sustainability.
15-21 PDF
Critical Success Factors in Implementing Green Supply Chain Management in a Malaysian Automotive Firm
S. Z. Omain, E. Saadon, N. Z. M. Salleh, R. M. Nor, R. Selamat
This study was conducted to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) in implementing Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in an Automotive Manufacturer in Malaysia. The objecti…
Keywords: Green Supply Chain Management, Critical Success Factors, Barriers, Automotive
22-27 PDF
Workplace Accidents: The Factors
Chua Jing Lun
While the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020) has aspired Malaysia to be a developed country by the year 2020, the aspiration does not only focus on high earning nation but also in …
Keywords: Workplace accidents, workplace safety.
28-30 PDF
Islamic Work Ethics as a Moderator between Abusive Supervision and Employees’ Self-Efficacy: A Review
Hicham Chouli, Ahmad Jusoh
This paper reviews the existing literature on the effect of abusive supervision on employee's self-efficacy as moderated by Islamic Work Ethics. The paper focuses on the negative c…
Keywords: Abusive Supervision, Interpersonal Justice Theory, Employee’s Self-Efficacy, Social Cognitive Theory, Islamic Work Ethics.
31-36 PDF
A Review on Generational Differences in the Workplace: Individual-Related and Organization-Related Variables
Khairunnisa Abdul Aziz, Rabeatul Husna Abdull Rahman, Halimah Mohd Yusof
Generational differences in the workplace have been a popular topic over the past three decades. Despite the attention concerning generational differences in the workplace, academi…
Keywords: Generational Differences, Individual-related factors, Organizational-related factor, Workplace
37-41 PDF
The Effects of Organizational Culture, Leadership Style, Motivation, and Organizational Commitment on Employee Work Discipline at Pancaran Maitri Foundation
Ivonne Setiawati, Sri Langgeng Ratnasari, Lukmanul Hakim
The purpose of this study are to analyse the influence of organizational culture on employee work discipline, to analyse the influence of leadership style on employee work discipli…
Keywords: Organizational Culture, Leadership Style, Motivation, Organizational Commitment, Employee Work Discipline
42-47 PDF
The Effects of Psychological Empowerment on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among Malaysian Nurses
Junaidah Yusof, Hashim Fauzy Yaacob, Siti Aisyah Abdul Rahman
Despite the great attention received by organisational citizenship behaviour in the organisational discussion, little is known about organisational citizenship behaviour among nurs…
Keywords: Psychological empowerment, Organisational citizenship behaviour, Nurses
48-53 PDF
Spiritual Intelligence and Job Satisfaction among Teachers: A Review
Zaine Zulkifli, Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim
The education system in Malaysia is undergoing rapid change and transformation. As the country is going through institutional reforms and moving towards the Fourth Industrial Revol…
Keywords: Spiritual Intelligence, Job Satisfaction, Teacher.
54-58 PDF
Validity and Reliability of the Malay-Translated Version of the EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being Questionnaire
Nur Ashikin Sobri, Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim, Taufik Mohammad
The aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of the translated version of the EPOCH Measure of the Adolescent Well-Being by Kern et al. (2016). The EPOCH Measure…
Keywords: Validity and Reliability, EPOCH Measure of the Adolescent Well-being, Flourishing, Well-Being, Adolescents
59-62 PDF
Financial Development and Liberalization, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria Using Combined Cointegration Analysis
Yakubu Zakaria, Nanthakumar Loganathan, Asan Ali Gollam Hassan
The study investigates the impact of financial development and liberalization with the incorporation of trade openness for the period 1970-2016. Bayer and Hanck combined cointegrat…
Keywords: Financial development and liberalization, Capital account openness, Trade openness, Combined cointegration.
63-68 PDF
ICT and the Management of Higher Education Systems in Sokoto State, Nigeria: A Survey
Sa’adu Isa Bashar, Ibrahim Umar
This research sought to find out the adequacy, management activities, and challenges that affect the ICT facilities in higher education systems in Sokoto State. The study was quant…
Keywords: ICT, Management of Higher Education, Challenges, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
69-72 PDF
The Role of Corporate Affairs Commission in Corporate Governance Oversight in Nigeria
Sa’idu Mohammed Also
The Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) is charged with the mandate of administering the company law of Nigeria, i.e., the Companies and Allied Matters Act (Cap. C20), LFN 2004. The…
Keywords: Corporate Governance, Corporate Affairs Commission, Company Law, Nigeria.
74-77 PDF
Understanding the Relationship Between HR Roles and HR Effectiveness: A Conceptual Review
Rashed Mahmud Shakil, Mohamed Ayyub Hassan, Muhammad Imran Qureshi
The concept of Human Resource Management (HRM) has undergone a big breakthrough resulting in a paradigm shift from the traditional approach of personnel management to the modern ap…
Keywords: Human Resource Management; HR professionals; HR roles; HR effectiveness; Competitive advantage.
78-82 PDF
Project-Based Learning in Preschool Science Education
Lai Car Men, Kamariah binti Abu Bakar
Science education is important in supporting the country’s goal in achieving its developed nation status by the year 2020. However, it has been reported that fewer students have ch…
Keywords: Project-based learning, Science, Pre-school, Science education.
83-87 PDF

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